Colombia, FARC reach land reform deal

The Associated Press

HAVANA — Colombia and that country’s largest rebel group announced an agreement Sunday on one of their main bones of contention — land reform — the fruit of more than half a year of slow-moving peace negotiations in the Cuban capital.

Both said the agreement constituted a major breakthrough, although several key details are still to be worked out in the coming weeks and months. They did not release the text of the accord, but said it dealt with issues like property rights, access to land and rural infrastructure development.

“This agreement will be the start of a radical transformation of the countryside,” read Sunday’s joint communiqué.

The parties must now hammer out understandings in five other areas, starting with the political reintegration of Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia fighters, another highly sensitive issue.

The two sides have stressed that no concessions are final until a complete peace accord is reached. But for one day, at least, the long-time enemies seemed optimistic an important step had been taken toward ending the half-century long conflict.

“Today we have a real opportunity to attain peace through dialogue,” said the government’s chief negotiator, Humberto de la Calle. “To support this process is to believe in Colombia.”

Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos added in a tweet sent from Bogota: “We celebrate, truly, this fundamental step taken in Havana toward a full agreement to put an end to half a century of conflict.”

Both sides say land rights lie at the heart of Colombia’s armed conflict. About 2 million hectares (5 million acres) of land has been stolen from rural farmers by armed groups during the conflict, with twice that amount abandoned by those fleeing the violence.

The rebels say some land has also been expropriated by the government fraudulent and corrupt processes, while the government says the FARC has also illegally forced people off land. Much of the land wound up in the hands of wealthy ranchers and drug traffickers, or was laundered and sold on to agribusinesses.

Despite Sunday’s deal, rebel chief negotiator Ivan Marquez said several issues surrounding land reform still need to be worked out.

A senior official involved in the talks said the final points of disagreement revolve around the exact amount of territory that will be involved, though both sides say it will impact millions of acres (hectares). Another dispute centers on a rebel demand to limit the size of foreign holdings.

Those questions and several others will be reexamined as both sides take up other issues, none expected to be as vexing. The agreement on land reform stretched to some 20 pages long, longer than the anticipated text of the rest of the peace document combined. The official spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to discuss the sensitive talks publicly.

Other major issues yet to be resolved when the two sides return to the bargaining table next month include drug trafficking and victim compensation, with the government continuing to insist that senior rebels accept jail terms as part of the peace deal.

Analysts applauded the announcement, saying it showed that this peace process is further along and fundamentally different from the failed efforts of preceding decades.

“It is the first agreement reached in 40 years of conflict on the crucial issue of land,” said Camilo Gonzalez, president of Colombia’s independent Institute of Peace and Development Studies. “This confirms that this (peace) process is different from those of the past.”

“All that is known is that the accord was announced, we know nothing of what it contains,” said Alfredo Rangel, director of the Center for Security and Democracy at Bogota’s Sergio Arboleda University. “This is a partial accord.”

Negotiations began in October in Oslo, Norway, and have been held in Havana ever since, with the Cuban and Norwegian governments acting as guarantors. Santos, facing criticism of the negotiations and a reelection battle in 2014, has said a deal must be reached by November or his government will pull out.

In an interview published Sunday ahead of the land reform deal, senior FARC commander Jorge Torres Victoria, who uses the nom de guerre Pablo Catatumbo, said the president’s timetable may not be realistic.

“We don’t want a peace process express,” he told the Colombian newsmagazine Semana. “There are many big issues on which we are not yet in agreement.”

On land reform, Catatumbo said that simply returning stolen land “does not amount to agrarian reform, much less a revolution.” Why only return 2 million hectares of land, he said, when the state controller’s office says 8 million were stolen?” He called in the interview not for expropriations but for laws limiting the concentration of arable land so that large ranches are divided up to ensure more land can be dedicated to farming.

The FARC has asked for 9 million hectares for what it calls “peasant reserves” with greater autonomy than the government is willing to offer. It has only spoken publicly of returning stolen land to peasants and giving them title. Outgoing Agriculture Minister Juan Camilo Restrepo has rejected what he calls the FARC’s idea of creating “independent republics” with the peasant reserves.

The Havana talks are the fourth attempt since the 1980s to bring peace to Colombia, which has been at war ever since the rebels took up arms in 1964. A U.S.-backed military buildup that began in 2000 has reduced the FARC’s ranks to about 9,000 fighters and killed several top commanders, though the rebels insist they are still a potent force.

Associated Press writers Vivian Sequera in Bogota and Andrea Rodriguez in Havana contributed to this report.